There are several types of penetration testing, each targeting different aspects of an organization’s security. Network penetration testing focuses on identifying vulnerabilities in external and internal network infrastructure, while application penetration testing evaluates the security of web, mobile, and desktop applications. Wireless penetration testing examines the security of Wi-Fi networks, and social engineering testing simulates attacks that exploit human vulnerabilities, such as phishing. Additionally, physical penetration testing assesses the security of physical access controls, and cloud penetration testing targets cloud-based systems and infrastructure. Each type helps ensure comprehensive security coverage across various attack surfaces. When it comes to penetration testing, there are three main approaches based on the level of information provided to the tester: White Box Testing: In white box testing, the tester has full knowledge of the target system, including network diagrams, source code, and credentials. This approach simulates an insider attack and is useful for in-depth assessments, allowing for more thorough identification of vulnerabilities. Black Box Testing: In black box testing, the tester has no prior knowledge of the target system, simulating an attack by an external hacker. This type of testing focuses on discovering vulnerabilities as an outsider would, relying on publicly available information and reconnaissance. Gray Box Testing: Gray box testing is a hybrid approach where the tester has partial knowledge of the target, such as login credentials or basic system architecture. This method balances the thoroughness of white box testing with the realism of black box testing, making it a common choice for realistic yet efficient security assessments. Each approach offers different insights depending on the scope and goals of the penetration test.